What Are Air-Gapped Networks (and How Does It Work)?

From sophisticated ransomware attacks to state-sponsored cyber espionage, organizations face more digital dangers than ever before. The stakes are high—a single successful breach can lead to devastating financial losses, reputational damage, and compromised sensitive data.

However, successful breaches will happen—it’s a matter of when, not if. But that doesn’t mean you’ve failed. Instead, your cyber resilience success depends on how quickly you can recover, get back on your feet, and keep operations running smoothly despite digital attacks.

And that’s where air-gapped networks and environments come in handy. These isolated environments, completely disconnected from unsecured networks including the internet, offer a level of protection that traditional security measures struggle to match. When even the most robust firewalls and intrusion detection systems can be circumvented, air-gapped systems provide a physical barrier that can be virtually impenetrable when properly implemented.

But what exactly are air-gapped networks, and why are they gaining renewed attention in modern security strategies? How can organizations effectively deploy this technology to safeguard their most critical assets?

We’ve got you covered.

Below, we’ll walk you through Learn everything you need to know about air-gapped networks and environments to make decisions about incorporating air-gapped systems into your cybersecurity strategy. 

What Are Air-Gapped Networks?

An air-gapped network is a computer network that is physically isolated from unsecured networks, including the public internet and any other networks that are considered less trustworthy. The term “air gap” refers to the conceptual air space between the secure network and the outside world—there is literally no physical connection that bridges this gap.

Key characteristics of air-gapped networks include:

1. Physical Isolation: The most important aspect of an air-gapped system is its complete physical separation from other networks. There are no wired or wireless connections to external networks.
2. Controlled Data Transfer: Any data entering or leaving the air-gapped system must be transferred manually, often through removable media like USB drives or external hard disks.
3. Restricted Access: Physical access to air-gapped systems is tightly controlled, with stringent security measures in place to monitor and limit who can interact with the network.
4. Specialized Hardware: Air-gapped environments often use dedicated hardware that’s never been connected to unsecured networks, further reducing the risk of compromise.

The term “air-gapped” can apply to individual computers as well as entire networks. An air-gapped computer is a standalone machine that has never been connected to the internet or any other network and provides similar security benefits on a smaller scale.

Benefits of Air-Gapped Environments

Here are some of the benefits of implementing air-gapped environments:

• Better Protection Against External Threats: Air-gapped systems are immune to internet-based attacks, including malware, ransomware, and remote hacking attempts.
• Safeguarding of Sensitive Data: For organizations dealing with highly confidential information, air-gapped networks provide an unparalleled level of data protection.
• Compliance with Strict Regulations: Air-gapped systems can help organizations meet and exceed compliance requirements, particularly in sectors like healthcare, finance, and defense.
• Mitigation of Insider Threats: By limiting physical access and controlling data transfer, air-gapped networks reduce the risk of insider threats and unauthorized data exfiltration.
• Protection Against Zero-Day Exploits: Since air-gapped systems are isolated from the internet, they’re protected against newly discovered vulnerabilities that haven’t yet been patched in connected systems.
• Reduced Attack Surface: Air-gapped environments dramatically reduce the potential entry points for cyberattacks, simplifying security management.
• Business Continuity: In the event of a widespread cyber attack, air-gapped systems can continue to operate and keep critical business functions unaffected.

Air-Gapped Systems vs. Other Security Measures

While air-gapped systems provide unparalleled security in certain scenarios, they’re not a one-size-fits-all solution. Here’s how they compare with other security solutions.

How Air-Gapped Systems Work

Air-gapped systems operate on a simple yet powerful principle: complete physical isolation from unsecured networks. But how exactly does this isolation translate into enhanced security? Here’s how:

1. Physical Separation

At the core of an air-gapped system is its physical disconnection from other networks, especially the internet. This means:

• No wired connections (e.g., Ethernet cables) to external networks
• No wireless connections (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular)
• Often, air-gapped systems are kept in separate, secure rooms or facilities

2. Dedicated Hardware

Air-gapped systems typically use:

• Computers that have never been connected to the internet
• Specialized, often custom-built hardware to minimize potential vulnerabilities
• Removable storage devices for data transfer (e.g., USB drives, external hard disks)

3. Controlled Data Transfer

When data needs to move in or out of an air-gapped system:

• Information is physically transferred via removable media
• Strict protocols govern how and when data can be moved
• All incoming data is typically scanned for malware on a separate system before being introduced to the air-gapped environment

4. Access Control

To maintain the integrity of the air gap:

• Physical access to the system is tightly restricted
• Biometric authentication or multi-factor authentication is often used
• All access attempts are logged and monitored

5. Custom Software

Air-gapped systems often run:

• Customized, stripped-down operating systems
• Specially audited software to minimize potential vulnerabilities
• No unnecessary applications or services that could introduce risks

6. Regular Audits and Updates

To maintain ongoing security:

• Systems undergo regular security audits
• Software updates are thoroughly vetted before being applied
• Any changes to the system are carefully planned and executed

7. Employee Training

An essential component of air-gapped system security is human behavior:

• Staff are trained on strict security protocols
• Awareness programs highlight the importance of maintaining the air gap
• Regular drills may be conducted to ensure compliance with security measures

8. Electromagnetic Shielding

In some high-security environments:

• Air-gapped systems may be housed in Faraday cages
• This prevents electromagnetic emissions that could potentially be used to exfiltrate data

9. Monitoring and Logging

Even with no network connection, air-gapped systems use:

• Extensive logging of all system activities
• Regular analysis of logs to detect any anomalies
• Tamper-evident seals on hardware to detect physical interference

10. Disaster Recovery

Despite their isolation, air-gapped systems need backup plans:

• Redundant systems may be maintained in separate locations
• Strict protocols govern how backups are created and stored

Applications of Air-Gapped Networks

Air-gapped networks aren’t just for sophisticated global tech applications—everyone from government agencies to hospitals and SMBs (and everything in between) can benefit from these cybersecurity measures.

1. Military and Defense

Air-gapped networks secure classified data, strategic plans, and critical communications systems. These isolated networks guarantee that weapon systems and control mechanisms remain impervious to external cyber threats, maintaining the integrity of defense capabilities and national security.

2. Government Agencies

Government bodies rely heavily on air-gapped systems to safeguard national security information and protect sensitive diplomatic communications. These networks secure critical infrastructure control systems and guarantee essential services remain operational and protected from potential cyber attacks.

3. Financial Institutions

Banks and financial organizations employ air-gapped networks to protect their most critical assets and operations. These systems isolate core banking infrastructure, safeguard high-value transaction processing, and secure systems managing sensitive customer data.

4. Healthcare and Research

Air-gapped systems protect patient records and sensitive medical research data. They’re used to isolate systems controlling sensitive medical equipment, guaranteeing patient safety and uninterrupted care. Additionally, pharmaceutical companies use air-gapped networks to secure their research and development data, protecting valuable intellectual property and maintaining competitive advantage in the industry.

5. Energy and Utilities

The energy sector relies on air-gapped networks to protect critical infrastructure that powers our daily lives. These systems secure power grid control mechanisms, safeguard nuclear facility operations, and isolate oil and gas production control systems. This helps energy companies prevent cyber attacks that could potentially lead to widespread power outages or catastrophic failures in energy production facilities.

6. Aerospace and Aviation

Air-gapped systems in the aerospace industry secure aircraft design and manufacturing data. They protect satellite control systems from unauthorized access and isolate air traffic control systems to maintain the safety of air travel.

7. Cryptocurrency

Some cryptocurrency enthusiasts and organizations leverage air-gapped systems for maximum security of digital assets. These networks are used to create ultra-secure cryptocurrency wallets, often referred to as “cold storage.” 

8. Research and Development

R&D departments across industries use air-gapped systems to protect their most valuable assets: ideas and innovations. These networks secure proprietary research data, safeguard intellectual property, and isolate experimental systems and prototypes.

9. Backup and Disaster Recovery

Organizations across sectors use air-gapped systems as an important component of their data protection and business continuity strategies. These networks allow for the creation of truly isolated backup copies of critical data, guaranteeing that even in the event of a catastrophic cyber attack, essential information remains intact and recoverable.

Best Practices for Implementing Air-Gapped Networks

Here are a few tips and best practices to keep in mind when implementing your air-gapped systems:

• Conduct a comprehensive risk assessment: Before implementation, identify critical assets and potential threats. This foundational step guarantees your air-gapped network is tailored to your organization’s specific needs and risk profile.
• Use dedicated, never-connected hardware: Employ computers and devices that have never been connected to the internet or other networks. This reduces the risk of pre-existing vulnerabilities or compromises.
• Implement strict physical and access controls: Use biometric access, surveillance systems, and the principle of least privilege.
• Develop rigorous data transfer protocols: Establish and enforce comprehensive policies for moving data in and out of the air-gapped environment. This often involves dedicated, controlled devices and thorough malware scanning processes.
• Regularly audit and update systems: Conduct frequent security audits and keep all software and firmware up-to-date. Follow a rigorous vetting process for all updates to maintain the integrity of your air-gapped system.
• Provide ongoing security training: Regularly train all personnel with access to the air-gapped network. Emphasize the importance of maintaining the air gap and following security protocols to prevent human error.
• Implement robust logging and monitoring: Deploy systems to detect and log any unusual activities or potential breaches. Regularly analyze these logs to maintain the security of your air-gapped network.
• Develop a tailored incident response plan: Create a comprehensive plan specifically for your air-gapped environment. This guarantees you’re prepared to respond swiftly and effectively to any security incidents.

Air-Gap Your Backups with Airiam

When it comes to protecting your organization’s lifeline—its data—air-gapped backups are a formidable last line of defense. But let’s face it: implementing and maintaining an air-gapped system can be downright complicated. It requires expertise, resources, and ongoing vigilance. 

Fortunately, that’s where Airiam can help.

With our AirGapd™ solution, we bring the power of air-gapped backups to organizations of all sizes. Here’s why you should consider partnering with Airiam for your air-gapped backup needs:

1. Expertise: Our team of cybersecurity professionals has extensive experience in implementing and managing air-gapped systems. We understand the nuances and best practices that make these systems truly secure.
2. Customized Solutions: We recognize that every organization has unique needs. Our AirGapd™ solution is tailored to fit your specific security requirements and operational constraints.
3. Ongoing Management: We don’t just set up your air-gapped backups and walk away. Our team provides continuous monitoring, regular updates, and swift response to any potential issues.
4. Compliance Support: For organizations in regulated industries, our air-gapped backup solutions are designed to meet stringent compliance requirements.
5. Peace of Mind: With Airiam managing your air-gapped backups, you can focus on your core business, knowing that your critical data is protected by the most robust security measures available.

Don’t wait for a cyber attack to expose vulnerabilities in your backup strategy. Talk to us today, and let’s find the right for your overall cybersecurity plan.